Protection Provided to Employees in the Public Services Essay

Protection Provided to Employees in the Public Services - Essay Example Sex Discrimination Act, 1975 is applied to both men and women, which makes sex discrimination in employment, vocational training, education, the provision and sales goods, facilities and services as well as premises, unlawful. To clarify Great British law which is related to gender reassignment the Sex Discrimination (Gender Reassignment) regulations 1999 was enacted. It is a measure in order to prevent discrimination against transsexual people on the grounds of sex in pay and treatment in employment as well as vocational training. In April 2007, Gender Equality Duty came into force and it is the biggest change in sex equality legislation in thirty years since the Sex Discrimination Act was introduced. In recognition of the need for a radical new approach to equality, it was introduced, which placed service providers the responsibility to think strategically about gender equality, rather than living it to the individuals to challenge poor practice. For Employers, Equal Pay Act 1970 makes it unlawful to discriminate between men and women in terms of their pay as well as conditions where they are doing similar work, work rated as equivalent, or work of equal value. It is applied to both men and women however it does not give everyone the right to claim equal pay with a person of the same sex. That is, in other words, any comparison must be with a person of the opposite sex. In 2003, the act was amended (Sheard, A., 2006d). Based on Race Race Relations Act, 1976, makes it unlawful to treat a person less favourable than the others on the grounds of race. This includes protection of people against racial discrimination the grounds of race, colour, nationality (citizenship), as well as national or ethnic origin, in the fields of employment, education, training, housing, and the provision of goods, facilities as well as services. In order to eliminate institutional racism and prohibit racial discrimination in all public functions with only a few exceptions and give a new statutory duty to promote race equality, Race Relations (Amendment) Act 2000 was enacted. Its aims are to provide fair and accessible services as well as improve equal opportunities in employment. The general duty of this Act is to eliminate unlawful racial discrimination, to promote equal opportunities as well as to promote good relations between people from the different racial group; and under these duties, public authorities must prepare and publish a Race Equality Scheme which should explain how general, as well as specific duties, will be met.     Ã‚  

Dutch in new york and how they entered the city in the 15th and 16th Research Paper

Dutch in new york and how they entered the city in the 15th and 16th centuries - Research Paper Example New Netherlands was only one of the many Dutch colonies. Amsterdam was the port that sent ships to explore. In the New Netherlands furs, tradeable objects, and fertile land were found. The founding of New Netherlands developed a valuable region into a successful colony. The Dutch West India Company was a trade company in the 1700s.1 The Dutch West India Company was formed in 1631.2 The Dutch West India Company was only one branch of the Dutch company. The Dutch East India Company had great success in the East.3 The East is defined as mainly territories in or around Asia.4 The trade industry was done through shipping lanes in the 1600s.5 Furs, ivory, jade, diamonds, cloth, and spices were just a few items the Dutch West India Company traded.6 While the English, Spanish, and other countries were interested in conquest, the Dutch interest was focused on the trade industry.7 The colonization of an area by the Dutch would be due to trade, not expansion. The Dutch West India Company was interested in the area of New Netherlands due to the opportunity to trade. The Dutch West India Company hired Henry Hudson.8 The expedition of finding new trade routes was Henry Hudson’s assignment.9 â€Å"Sailing for the Dutch in 1609, Henry Hudson explored the river that now bears his name. The Dutch established a string of agricultural settlements between New Amsterdam (New York City) and Fort Orange (Albany, New York) after 1614.†10 Hudson mapped out the Hudson River and Hudson Bay. The Dutch wanted to create a settlement at the mouth of the Hudson River in order to strengthen the fur trade with local Natives. The Dutch became the chief European traders with the Iroquois, supplying them with firearms, blankets, metal tools, and other European trade goods in exchange for furs. The Iroquois used those goods to nearly destroy the Hurons and to push the Algonquins into Illinois and Michigan. As a result, the Iroquois gained

Obesity and chemistry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Obesity and chemistry - Essay Example The government spends more than $7000 in medical treatment and lost productivity of a single obese person. Obesity is blamed for more than 160,000 deaths a year. Understanding the factors that lead to obesity Shedding extra weight is very difficult despite the seemingly simple formula of consuming fewer calories than being expended. Dieting is not effective for two thirds of dieters who end up heavier two years after dieting. The National Institutes of Health is spending $800 million annually to understand the underlying causes of obesity with focus on metabolism, genetics and neurology. Highlights of the researches are protein function, signaling pathways in the brain and other organs, obesity genes, and effects of environment on metabolism and weight gain. The large body work has led to understanding of protein interactions that result in energy extraction and distribution; fat production and storage; hunger signals emanating from the brain, and genetic inclination towards obesity. In the brain, the hypothalamus, brain stem, limbic system, and the pre-frontal cortex are involved in controlling hunger and fullness. Metabolic studies show that brown fat is associated with lower weight or leanness in some persons; while the prevalence of white fat is for storage of excess energy, and hence increased weight. Genetic studies identified more or less twenty genes that correlate with predisposition to weight gain, although the effects were later quantified to be modest. Genetic regulators for obesity were identified in mice, but human homologues are not yet known. Possibly, the environment has a large effect on the switching on of genes that predispose an individual to obesity. However, since the results of biological studies have not been translated to a solution for the problem on obesity, the article proposes that the best approach is behavioral psychology methods that have been used for over than 50 years and proven to work in treating autism, alcoholism and stut tering. Behavioral psychology as a solution to obesity In the hope of finding a quick means to losing weight, the public is easy to follow recommendations from researches that are played up by the media. However, the results of the different studies are sometimes in conflict. It is clear that the obesity problem cannot be fixed by a single simple action because of the contribution of many factors. The combination of social, biological, economics and marketing factors make simple solutions to obesity fail. Diets and exercise regimens are also bound to fail because they become more punishing as weight is lost, since more effort is exerted to retain that loss. Furthermore, as the diet and exercise become more severe, the reward (reduced weight) recedes. A less punishing regimen will make more people stick with it. Changing behavior has had the most success in losing modest amounts of weight and keeping off that weight with diet and exercise. This approach involves making small sustaina ble modifications in the eating and exercises habits with the encouragement of people and environment surrounding the individual. The basis for the behavioral approach goes back to more than fifty years when BF Skinner, Harvard university psychologist, developed the science of behavioral analysis. The foundation for the approach is the belief that the workings of the brain are unknown despite advanced science, but physical behavior is measurable and so is the

Apush Midterm Review Essay Example for Free

Apush Midterm Review Essay A. All classes will have the Causes and Effects of the Mexican War, which has been discussed in class. B. All classes will have 2 choices for their second essay. 1. One possibility for Essay #2 is Causes and Effects of the French and Indian War. This essay should be structured in 4 paragraphs. The first paragraph includes background info leading up to the conflict and your thesis statement. Paragraphs 2 and 3 discuss the causes and effects and paragraph 4 is your conclusion- what happens next (Revolutionary War). It is a good idea to reiterate your thesis statement as well. 2. Another possibility is the Causes and Effects of the Revolutionary War. This essay should be structured in four paragraphs as well. The first paragraph should include background info (such as French and Indian War, end of Salutary Neglect) and your thesis statement. One paragraph should discuss causes and one effects. Your fourth paragraph is your conclusion what happens next. 3. Another possibility is the Strengths and Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation. Paragraph one should discuss what happened briefly before the A of C and your thesis statement. Paragraph two, the strengths (3 that we discussed: brought the country together for the first time, negotiated the end of the Revolutionary War, and the Land Ordinances) and Paragraph 3 the weaknesses (among many- the lack of power to tax, only one branch etc.). Paragraph 4, your conclusion and what happens next (Constitutional Convention). 4. Another possibility is Causes and Effects of the War of 1812. First paragraph is background info and thesis statement. Paragraph 2 is the Causes (impressment, arming Native Americans in the Old Northwest etc.) and Paragraph 3, the Effects (huge surge of nationalism, National anthem written etc.). Paragraph 4 is your conclusion and what happens next. 5. Another possibility is to discuss the reforms that came out of the Second Great Awakening. This essay can be 4 or 5 paragraphs depending upon how you discuss the reforms. Your first paragraph will discuss background info and thesis statement. The next 2 or 3 paragraphs should discuss the 5 major reforms: abolition of slavery, educational reforms, mental health reform, temperance, and woman’s rights. These paragraphs should include reforms made and the people involved (for instance- Dorothea Dix with mental health). Also discuss whether the reforms actually were realized or just set up change for the future. Last paragraph should be your conclusion and what happens next. 6. The last possibility is to discuss the Marshall Court and the Taney Court. The first paragraph should have background information; such as John Jay was first Chief Justice, and your thesis statement. Paragraphs 2 and 3 should discuss the Marshall Court and the Taney Court: how they ruled (strong central government for Marshall, state’s rights for Taney etc.), examples of court cases (Marbury v. Madison, Dred Scott decision- give a minimum of 3 cases for Marshall and 2 for Taney). Paragraph 4 should be your conclusion and what happens next. Your essays need to give specific factual information and be well structured to get full credit. Stay on topic- show your knowledge of the time period right before the question at hand and what happens as a result of the events discussed. You will not be penalized for spelling errors since this is an in -class writing, but essays should make sense and flow.

The Importance of a Role Model in The Adventures of Huckberry Finn by M

â€Å"The Widow Douglas she took me for her son, and allowed she would sivilize me† (Twain 1). The role of a parent is important in a person’s life, as they learn the acceptable way to live their lives, and even how to act spiritually. As people begin to grow up, they remember the traits and guidelines given by their guardians, and use them to establish their own beliefs and shape their actions. In the novel, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Mark Twain exemplifies the influence of morals and religion that the Widow Douglas teaches young Huck and he returns to throughout the novel. Mark Twain begins by describing Huck staying in the Widow’s home and conforming to the social norm of civilized behavior he says he â€Å"was getting sort of used to the widow’s ways, too, and they warn’t so raspy on me† (Twain 19). Huckleberry is beginning to appreciate the lifestyle of the widow. He begins to like his education, and the love that he receives from the woman. He learns how to be a more respectable human being as he sees the goodness of the Widow’s ways, but as the good characteristics begin to appear they are hindered by the maleficent aspects of his poor initial upbringing. Huck recounts "Pretty soon I wanted to smoke, and asked the Widow to let me. But she wouldn't. She said it was a mean practice and wasn't clean, and I must try to not do it anymore" (Twain 2). The Widow passively attempts to control Huck and force him to conform to the society that he has been attempting to avoid by sneaking away. The idea of smoking represen ts all the things that Huck use to do in his old life, however the things that are comfortable to Huck are not accepted by the world, and society endeavors to remove the controversial subject or make it change to fit... ...shows that the boy wishes to be accepted into the religion of the Widow and will do things to help him reach the next life. Huckleberry also remembers that the good people help even the criminals and that he should try to help all sorts of people who are in need. The Widow’s teachings of Christianity have a lasting affect on Huckleberry Finn as he tries to live his life according to the rules he was given and experiences the impact of prayer. The Importance of Widow in Mark Twain’s novel is shown as Huck Finn experiences the rules and spiritual guidelines the widow has taught him, and they impact his actions in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. People often use the morals they remember from the role models they had when growing up. But, however people remember the teachings of their role models, ultimately they are free to make their own decisions in their lives. The Importance of a Role Model in The Adventures of Huckberry Finn by M â€Å"The Widow Douglas she took me for her son, and allowed she would sivilize me† (Twain 1). The role of a parent is important in a person’s life, as they learn the acceptable way to live their lives, and even how to act spiritually. As people begin to grow up, they remember the traits and guidelines given by their guardians, and use them to establish their own beliefs and shape their actions. In the novel, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Mark Twain exemplifies the influence of morals and religion that the Widow Douglas teaches young Huck and he returns to throughout the novel. Mark Twain begins by describing Huck staying in the Widow’s home and conforming to the social norm of civilized behavior he says he â€Å"was getting sort of used to the widow’s ways, too, and they warn’t so raspy on me† (Twain 19). Huckleberry is beginning to appreciate the lifestyle of the widow. He begins to like his education, and the love that he receives from the woman. He learns how to be a more respectable human being as he sees the goodness of the Widow’s ways, but as the good characteristics begin to appear they are hindered by the maleficent aspects of his poor initial upbringing. Huck recounts "Pretty soon I wanted to smoke, and asked the Widow to let me. But she wouldn't. She said it was a mean practice and wasn't clean, and I must try to not do it anymore" (Twain 2). The Widow passively attempts to control Huck and force him to conform to the society that he has been attempting to avoid by sneaking away. The idea of smoking represen ts all the things that Huck use to do in his old life, however the things that are comfortable to Huck are not accepted by the world, and society endeavors to remove the controversial subject or make it change to fit... ...shows that the boy wishes to be accepted into the religion of the Widow and will do things to help him reach the next life. Huckleberry also remembers that the good people help even the criminals and that he should try to help all sorts of people who are in need. The Widow’s teachings of Christianity have a lasting affect on Huckleberry Finn as he tries to live his life according to the rules he was given and experiences the impact of prayer. The Importance of Widow in Mark Twain’s novel is shown as Huck Finn experiences the rules and spiritual guidelines the widow has taught him, and they impact his actions in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. People often use the morals they remember from the role models they had when growing up. But, however people remember the teachings of their role models, ultimately they are free to make their own decisions in their lives.

Why Is Organ Donation Important

Why is organ transplant important The reason why I think organ donation is very important, because it gives a second chance to life to a person that is in need of an organ because they organs have start to fail and shut down. Although clinical issues such as the possibility of the recipient's body rejecting the organ have been raised, the social and legal issues—from determining how donations should be handled and who should receive them, to the black-market practice of organ trafficking—spark the most heated debates. They help save lives and also give second chances to live to many people. . History and the types of organ transplants 2. Why is it so important to become organ donor 3. Who decides who gets the Organs Transplant first I. History and types of Organ Transplant A. The first organ transplant (a skin graft) was completed in 1869. However, it was not until almost a century later, in 1954, that surgeons transplanted the first internal organ, a kidney, when a liv ing donor donated to his identical twin. B. Today, organs that can be transplanted include the kidneys, liver, heart, lungs, pancreas, intestine, and skin. C.Although some of these, such as the heart, can only be transplanted from recently deceased donors, transplant surgeons have made several advances in transplanting organs from living donors, most notably a split-liver transplant, in which a live donor shares a portion of his or her liver with the recipient—the liver being the only organ that can regenerate itself to some degree. II. Why is it so important to become organ donors A. The shortage of organs has increased the use of so-called expanded-criteria organs, or organs that used to be considered unsuitable for transplant.B If organ sales are voluntary, it's hard to fault either the buyer or the seller. But as long as the market remains underground the donors may not receive adequate postoperative care, and that puts a black mark on all proposals to legalize financial compensation. C. The world-wide shortage of organs is going to get worse before it gets better, but we do have options. Presumed consent, financial compensation for living and deceased donors and point systems would all increase the supply of transplant organs. Too many people have died already but pressure is mounting for innovation that will save lives.I think that without people becoming an organ donor that many more lives will start to fail within the next couple of years, and so more people that have been waiting on organ transplants list will start to die for from some type of organ failure. III. Who gets the organ Transplant first A. Organs are allocated (given) according to strict rules that take into account physical matching, tissue and blood type matching, medical criteria, waiting time, severity of illness, etc. The allocation system is blind to name, race, sex, and wealth. B.At the time of death, the team that coordinates donation will review medical and social historie s to determine donor suitability on a case-by-case basis. Many diseases that were once considered to exclude organ donation are no longer considered a barrier. Examples include hepatitis and diabetes. C. Age limits for organ donation no longer exist. Organs may be donated from someone as young as a newborn and as old as 90. The liver, in particular, does not age like other organs and livers are commonly donated by people in their 70's and 80's.

Reaction Paper Example

REPORT on FEASIBILITY STUDY Summary: A Feasibility Study (FS) is a method of operation employed to precisely describe what a project is and what strategic issue need to be considered to assess the probability of gaining success. The following are the different types of FS: technical, economic, cultural, legal/ethical, resource, operational, marketing, real estate, and comprehensive feasibility. FS are done by companies whenever there is a new project to deal with.It is also used as a basis for an investment decision, whether to pursue or not on a particular project or business, or to make sure that there will be a return on investment (ROI). Reaction: FS is a necessity in the Philippine setting in the sense that in this unstable economy of ours, investing in something which does not promise any substantial returns is deemed to be a suicidal act. We do know that monetary remuneration is not the only important thing that any of our investments expect in return but it is what fuels our endeavors to continue to be of service to others and give our clients what is due them.A comprehensively conducted FS will help us determine the strengths and weaknesses of any project we are about to execute which in due course will save us money, time and effort. REPORT on SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS Summary: Situational Analysis is the step in the formulation of a plan, formulation of objectives and targets, formulation of policies and strategies, identification of programs and projects and last is investment programming or budgeting. Problem identification identifies the issues and problems that need to be solved.The framework for analyzing social outcomes include: outcomes, resources, services and facilities, access and utilization of services and facilities and environment. The profile of the target population describes the context which involves physical, economic, social, cultural and political environment where the population subsists. Reaction: The process of making a Situational Analysis is complex. It has a various components which need to be analyzed. Adequate time is very much needed to make sure that the end-result is not half-baked and clearly states the reason for engaging in such study.Collective effort of those who are involved should also be urged to arrive at a solid decision and basis for engaging regularly in the planned activity. REPORT on TECHNICAL ANALYSIS Summary: Evaluating technical feasibility has to do with a large part of determining needed and existing resources. Technical Analysis should be done to conclude whether current technical resources can be upgraded in a manner that fulfills the demand. If existing systems cannot be upgraded, then considerations on whether there is such an existing technology that meets the specifications should be the next alternative.Technical Analysis enables to uncover the method of production to be employed, equipment and tools, site development, amenities, factory building among others. Reaction: The p racticality of a proposed or an on-going project can be measured through Technical Analysis. It is the skeleton in which your business will stand and operate. It determines if a certain business venture possesses the necessary materials for it to be operational. Also, it makes sure that even if the materials are available, it has the capacity to handle or sustain the project at hand.Finally, it evaluates the capability of the workforce if they have the required skills needed to make the project possible. Technical Analysis encompasses the assessment of the structural components and technical aspects in running a business or sustaining a project. REPORT on ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS Summary: Environmental Analysis is the study of the threats and opportunities that may affect the Marketing Plan. It is a fundamental marketing operation used to identify outside forces that may affect the success or failure of a certain product or service.It includes the identifying, scanning, analyzing and forecasting of the ever-changing business environment. The internal factors of environment that affect the business must first be identified, which can be done at different levels – the company, regional, domestic and global levels, making use of SWOT and PESTEL, however it can also be achieved through a very significant brainstorming assembly. Reaction: Environmental Analysis is very much helpful in understanding the ambiance in the business arena. It enables to identify factors that greatly affect the operation and the triumph of the business venture.Scanning is the process of recognizing which of the identified factors have the most effect because it will aid in giving back a path for improvement. Analyzing and trailing the steps will arm one with the necessary and appropriate tools to start a business of his desire. Forecasting should also be considered for it furnishes a rational basis for certain strategies to be employed which is beneficial to the business. REPORT on F INANCIAL ANALYSIS Summary: Financial Analysis is an assessment of the viability, stability and profitability of a business, sub-business or project.It is performed by professionals who prepare reports using ratios that make use of information taken from financial statements and other reports relative to it. These reports are usually presented to top management as one of their bases in making business decisions. The following are examples of reports and documents necessary in making a sound analysis: (a) Financial statements report the company’s financial status to interested parties; (b) Balance sheets show a corporation’s financial status at a certain point in time; (c) Income statements show a corporation’s profits and losses for a fixed eriod; (d) Cash flow represents the flow of cash over a fixed period, by how much cash on hand at the start of the period and how much is left at the end. Reaction: No business entity will materialize without appropriate fundi ng and financial back-up. Although there is enough monetary capital maintained by the company, it will gradually collapse when there is no proper financial accounting. Financial Analysis guarantees the realization of your ultimate goal in starting up a business venture that is to earn profit. With proper financial assessment, the business will definitely survive the competition.REPORT on ECONOMIC ANALYSIS Summary: Economic Analysis is examining in detail the economy. The objective of which is to assess the over-all impact of a project on improving the economic welfare of the citizens of the country concerned. It is for the national economy rather than for project participants. The objectives of economic analysis are to bring out a better allocation of resources that leads to increased incomes for investments or consumptions and to choose the means using the least resources for a given output.The Project Framework is of great importance because both the directly productive and indire ctly productive projects are analyzed, it aids to prevent misallocation of resources. It is also an appraisal tool to examine the implementation efficiency, operational effectiveness, testing and impact significance. Reaction: Understanding economic analysis entails a careful system of study to ensure the sustainability of a particular project and its success.Two components that should complement with each other are the Financial and Economic analyses to uphold the goal of sustaining the project. It should also be in consonance with the national objectives of economic recovery for it to be truly feasible in uplifting the country’s economy and national development. REPORT on CULTURAL and SOCIAL ANALYSIS Summary: Cultural Analysis is the study of people’s way of life intended to gather date on remarkable fact or event to obtain new knowledge by way of analyzing the given data. The main subject to cultural analysis are adaptation and change.Social Analysis, on the other h and, is the study of the development and structure of society and relationships. This has direct bearing on social theories which are used to study and interpret social phenomena within a particular school of thought. Reaction: Taking into consideration the cultural background of the people or the society, makes an entrepreneur sensitive to the needs of the clients and helps in determining what is appropriate and what is not to be pursued in order to push through the business without predicament.Also, it is very interesting to note that people comprising a society are involved in remarkable or outstanding events, how human behavior or discipline affects relationships, economics and politics. Therefore, understanding the society and its culture will develop a harmonious interaction between and within people involve. REPORT on POLITICAL ANALYSIS Summary: Political Analysis the study of the state, government and politics and its relation to the business community. It is about the wide scope of theory and practice of politics and the study of political systems and political behavior.It has three fields – Political Philosophy, Comparative Politics and International Relations. Political Science uses methods and techniques that connect to the kinds of questions which are tried to be obtained or achieved. Reaction: Considering the kind of political scenario prevailing in this country, it is of great importance to consider political analysis, an in-depth treatment will enable you to deal with circumstances which are within the bounds of political concerns of the nation nowadays.Economic stability rest on the pillars of political stability as well and it will be of major importance to study the predominant political science your are in to blend in and be on safe grounds. REPORT on PROJECT APPRAISAL and PROJECT IDENTIFICATION Summary: Project Appraisal is a process of assessing the case for proceeding with a proposal or a project itself. It includes six (6) major points which starts with Project Identification process wherein collection, compilation and analysis of data to locate potential opportunities to start and development opportunities are done.Defining Project Goals and Objectives relate two (2) different ideas. Goals serve as the â€Å"what† in the process and objectives serve as the â€Å"how†. Project Appraisal also consists of financial assessment – money, profitability and eligibility while technical assessment includes whether a project is keeping with its objectives or is strategic in nature. Reaction: Clearly defined goals and objectives is what really count in pursuing a remarkable project. The formulation of the said goals and objectives should be given enough time and thinking before a project is to be undertaken.The success of any project or business endeavor lies in a well-defined and factual goals and objectives. REPORT on CONTEMPORARY ISSUES in PROJECT MANAGEMENT Summary: The first thing to do in pu tting up as business is deciding what kind of business you are going to venture in. And it will be normal to think of a business that will be patronized strongly by the masses. Considering the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats that you might encounter in the process will help you deal with the future issues and potential problems you might encounter on the way.Some of these problems are the following: low capital, limited resources, shift in consumer behavior, availability of raw materials, transportation, labor, marketing, location, laying the ground work, and branding. But despite all these, solutions can be applied in order to avoid encountering the said problems in running a business. Some of these precautionary measures are as follows: establishing a realistic mission, picking a business that is in demand, committing to running business, having enough working capital, and finally, choosing the right marketing campaign.Reaction: It may be said that we can all be business owners but not all of us will succeed in the business endeavors we ought to put up and operate. There are many factors to consider during the process of planning your desired business venture, running it, and maintaining its superiority over the market. It may be deduced that to be able to attain success, one must have the passion and dedication in what he/she is doing. The desire to always to better will make sure that you are on the right track. REPORT on PROJECT MONITORING and MONITORING TOOLSSummary: The primary purpose Project Monitoring is to compare the way things are actually planned to the way things are actually done in a specific project. Employing the use of Project Monitoring Tools like performance indicators, logical framework approach, theory-based evaluation, formal surveys, rapid appraisal method, participatory methods, public expenditure tracking surveys cost-benefit and cost effectiveness and impact evaluation will give project managers the essential info rmation to continue, improve or terminate a certain project.Such monitoring and evaluation of development activities will provide them with better means to improve service delivery, planning and allocating resources and demonstrating results as part of accountability to key stakeholders. Reaction: Project Monitoring is very indispensable in any and every project to engage with. It all starts with cautious planning associated with proper execution of established goals and objectives and close supervision and monitoring which will determine the success of any project. The use of the project monitoring tools will alleviate the burden of handling projects.Proper utilization of tools suitable for the project is vital to the fulfillment of the project goals and will eventually generate prolific results. REPORT on DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION Summary: Diagnostic evaluation is administered not only to identify problems or deficiencies, but also to identify strengths and special talents of students . It also determines the readiness of a student to begin school and if a student in any level of the curriculum has mastered some or all of the objectives he is about to take.The need of the students, especially those disadvantage ones, to acquire first some prerequisite skills is determined through diagnostic evaluation. Proper placement of students is another reason for the need to administer diagnostic evaluation because it will help eliminate boredom for those who have already mastered a certain objective and can avoid discouragement for those lacking them. Diagnostic evaluation makes learning easy for the learners to acquire. Reaction: Good diagnostic is a must because it helps teachers to place students properly in the instructional sequence and to identify causes of repeated failure to learn.But making an appropriate and sound diagnostic material should be taken into consideration because it will make or break the true essence of giving diagnostic evaluation. Teachers should make the implicit assumption that all students bring similar cognitive and affective skills, prerequisites and experiences to their class or subject at the beginning of each year. A teacher should really take time and effort in identifying the presence or absence of prerequisites skills, attitudes, and habits; those students who have already mastered some or all of the objectives; and those gifted or talented individuals who need special attention.The success of learning depends on the accuracy and depth of the diagnosis administered to students. REPORT on FORMATIVE EVALUATION Summary: Formative evaluation is said to be useful not only for curriculum construction but also for instruction and students learning. Formative assessments are focused on the learning process as well as the learning progress. While other assessments may only focus on the end result, formative assessments check the student’s progress consistently so that adjustments can be made to reach learning goals. Both teachers and students participate in formative assessment while learning is taking place through things such as informal observation, immediate feedback and student self-assessment. A formative assessment is consistent and ongoing throughout the learning process. It also provides immediate feedback to both teachers and students due to ongoing assessment practices. Reaction: Formative evaluations is important to meet the goals of a particular educational institution. It provides a venue for the goals to be shared and observations and feedbacks are used by both students and teachers to improve the teaching and learning process.It also gives an opportunity for teachers and students to make adjustments to the teaching and learning strategies uses so learning will ultimately take place. The experiences the students have encountered can also serve as a motivating factor for further learning to ensue. REPORT on EVALUATION TECHNIQUES for KNOWLEDGE and COMPREHENSION OBEJECTIVES Summary: Knowledge objectives imply recall and recognition of the specific elements in a subject area. The two main classes of knowledge items are supply and choice.Examples of supply items are completion item, definition of terms, identification, enumeration, and essay. The following can be administered in using choice items – multiple choice, true or false, and matching type. Comprehension objectives are widely accepted since they indicate understanding, described in terms of the three levels of operations, namely; translation, interpretation, and extrapolation. Reaction: Knowledge is important for the development of ideas and learning to recall or recognize during formal instruction. It should go hand in hand with comprehension because it entails understanding.For teachers to be sure that learning took place in a particular teaching/learning scenario, formulation of evaluation materials which both uses knowledge and comprehension objectives is a must. Another thing which can be in corporated during the construction of the said evaluation materials is the technical know-how of the teacher making the test questions, be it knowledge or comprehension. The â€Å"art of question† should be taken into consideration which will eventually result to a valid and reliable test material. REPORT on ITEM WRITING and SELECTION Summary:Item writing and selection aims to determine what the students learn from teachers; look for different resources to know the topic where will the item came from. There are different kinds of items to construct. These are supply items like essay and short answered item, selection type such as true or false, matching type, multiple choice among others. Item analysis is a process of examining a class who perform individually in a certain test item. Difficulty index is the calculation of proportion of students who got an item correct. Discrimination index is to know the ability to discriminate between high and low performance of the students .Analysis of responses helps the teacher to know what item or topic do students find hard in answering. Reaction: Item writing and selection is an important part of evaluation. It is a process of creating and selecting a set of test to be utilized to determine the learners’ status after the learning process. Items may vary depending upon the lesson or subject taken. It must really test the skills that were taught appropriately so it will be valid. Suggestions given must be followed to achieve the desired result. This will also help the teacher to teach easily and give the appropriate approach to the students based from the results acquired.REPORT on NATURE of SMALL BUSINESS Summary: Businesses touch our lives on a daily basis. We meet them anywhere we go. We are confronted by their outputs every time we move. All of them affect our economy in one way or another. Their success of failure spells growth or decline in the economic well-being of our country. This very important se ctor of our economy is of various kinds. They may be classified according to products sold, activity, or size. According to size, they may be further classified as small, medium, or large. In many ways, they complement each other.Among the three, it is small business that is most readily seen although in some ways, it may not be so. A small business is one which is â€Å"independently owned and operated and which is not dominant in its field of operation. † The term â€Å"independently owned† means ownership is by a private individual, a partnership, or a corporation. The term â€Å"not dominant† indicates that a small business does not control a sizeable share of its market. Reaction: Business, may it be small or large scale is very helpful in our economy. They are like the backbone of the economy. They support the country in many ways like giving employment.Business can be classified into different types. Each type provides different assistance not only to the economy but to the country. Putting up a business needs a careful planning because it involves investments. REPORT on ANALYSIS of ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES to EVALUATION Summary: Evaluation is systematic study that is designed, conducted and reported in order to assist a client group to judge and/or improve the worth and/or merit of some object. Using the proposed definition, the study types presented in this book was examined to see whether it fitted into one (or perhaps more) of three broad distinct groups.Covert investigations are the first type is labeled â€Å"covert evaluation,† although it might just as well be called politically controlled evaluation. Its advance organizers are implicit or explicit threats faced by the client for evaluation money. Public-relations inspired studies is a similar case of pseudo evaluation is the study that is planned, conducted, and used to serve public-relations purposes. The purpose of the study is to help the client to create a positive image for an institution, program, process, and the like. Reaction:In business, everything can happen and can be done. One kind of evaluation that caught my attention is the pseudo evaluation among other kinds of evaluation discuss. It is a kind of evaluation that gives false results just for the business to survive. People should really be aware of this because it may affect other business. REPORT on SUCHMAN and the SCIENTIFIC APPROACH to EVALUATION Summary: Suchman and the scientific approach to evaluation have three main aspects such as conceptual, methodological and administrative aspects.Suchman supported the purposes of evaluation listed by Bigman (1961) which are to discover whether and how well objectives are being fulfilled, to determine the reasons for specific successes and failures, to uncover the principles underlying a successful program, to direct course of experiments with techniques for increasing effectiveness, to lay the basis for further research on the reasons for the relative success of alternative techniques and to redefine the means to be used for attaining objectives, and even to redefine sub goals, in the light of research findings.The types of evaluation are ultimate evaluation, pre-evaluative research and short term evaluation. Categories of evaluation are effort, performance, and adequacy of performance, efficiency and process. Reaction: Suchman’s scientific approach to evaluation focuses on the conceptual, methodological and administrative aspects. It is a process that is scientifically design to have a reliable and valid outcome. REPORT on PROJECT EVALUATION Summary: Project is an investment activity where we expand capital resources to create a producing asset from which we can expect to realize benefits over an extended period of time.Evaluation is a step by step process of collecting, recording and organizing information about project results including short-term outputs and immediate and longer term project outcomes. There are many reasons why we perform evaluation, here are some: selection, monitoring, justifying, validating, improving and research. Purposes of evaluation are: to find out how well community or participants needs were met, to improve the initiative, to assess the outcomes or impacts, to understand why it does or does not work, to find out how it is operating, to assess whether its objectives were met and to assess its efficiency or cost-effectiveness.There are two types of evaluation which are formative and summative. Evaluations in relation to education are oral quizzes, written tests and performance tests. Guides in making an evaluation report are executive summary, tables of contents, background, project description, evaluation designs and methods, analysis, limitations, results and discussions and recommendations. Reaction: Project evaluation is necessary because it diminishes errors in your project.It refines your project in a way that if the results or evaluation fails due to uncertainties, you can go back to your objectives or processes and make some pencil pushing to achieve the desired outcomes. In relation to education, if the teacher, at the end of the lesson and evaluation of students, found that the results of the evaluation through examination or quiz fail, she can make some revisions perhaps in her procedure, teaching style or objectives that had been set if the learners cannot achieve it. If changes have taken place, it is for the achievement of the better outcomes.REPORT on STUFFLEBEAM’S IMPROVEMENT-ORIENTED EVALUATION Summary: Stufflebeam’s improvement-oriented evaluation has a CIPP model. The basic framework of the CIPP was: Complete Evaluation, Input Evaluation, Proper Evaluation, Product Evaluation Symptomatic Illness of Educational Evaluation by the PDK ( Phi Delta Kappa) Committee, Avoidance, Anxiety, Immobilization, Skepticism, Lack of guidelines, Poor advice, Problems that needed to addressed in improving the conceptu al base for evaluation work are definition, values, level, research design.Evaluation is the process of delineating, obtaining, and providing descriptive and Judgmental information about the worth and merit of some object’s goals, design, implementation, and impacts in order to guide decision making, serve needs for accountability, and promote understanding of the involved phenomena. The relevance of four evaluation types of decision making are context, input, process and product.An overview of the CIPP categories is the primary orientation of context evaluation is to identify the strengths and weaknesses of some object, such as an institution, a program, a target population, or a person, and to provide direction for improvement. Reaction: Stufflebeam’s improvement-oriented evaluation is a process of evaluation that follows a CIPP model or Complete, Input, Product, and Process approach. This aims to guide the implement evaluation.